Recently, the Central Propaganda Department and the Central Committee for Comprehensive Rule of Law issued a notice on the serious organization of studying the “Outline of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law (2025 Edition)”. The full text is as follows:

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has positioned rule of law, planned rule of law, and strictly implemented rule of law from the overall and strategic perspective of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. It has persisted in combining Marxist legal theory with the specific realities of China’s rule of law construction and with China’s excellent traditional legal culture, creatively proposing a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies for comprehensive rule of law, forming Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law. The Central Conference on Comprehensive Rule of Law held in November 2020 established the guiding position of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law in comprehensive rule of law work, which is a major event of great practical significance and far-reaching historical significance in the process of China’s socialist rule of law construction. Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law is the latest achievement in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist legal theory, a major innovation and development of socialist rule of law theory with Chinese characteristics, an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the fundamental guidance and action guide for comprehensive rule of law in the new era.

In accordance with the unified deployment of the Party Central Committee, to continuously deepen the study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, the Central Propaganda Department and the Central Committee for Comprehensive Rule of Law organized the revision of the “Outline of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law” published in 2021, compiling the “Outline of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law (2025 Edition)” (hereinafter referred to as the “Outline (2025 Edition)”). The “Outline (2025 Edition)” comprehensively reflects the original contributions of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the field of rule of law, systematically explains the basic spirit, basic content, and basic requirements of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, and fully reflects the latest developments of this thought, providing an authoritative supplementary reading material for the in-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law.

We must persistently use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to arm our minds, guide practice, and promote work. Party members should be organized to seriously study and understand the great significance, core essence, spiritual substance, rich connotation, and practical requirements of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, persist in reading original works, studying original texts, and comprehending principles, strive to master the Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods throughout, continuously deepen understanding, and comprehensively understand and grasp. We should promote the use of the “Outline (2025 Edition)” as an important content for theoretical study center groups of Party committees (leading Party members groups), cadre training, and Party member study. Rule of law work departments at all levels should organize the study of Party members and cadres in their respective systems in combination with actual work. We must persist in comprehensive and systematic study, timely follow-up study, in-depth thinking study, and practical connection study, more consciously use Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law to guide the analysis and solution of practical problems, continuously improve the ability to use rule of law thinking and methods to deepen reforms, promote development, resolve conflicts, maintain stability, and respond to risks, and effectively transform learning outcomes into vivid practices of promoting comprehensive rule of law and building a rule of law China.

Through extensive learning, propaganda, and interpretation work, we should guide the broad masses of cadres and people to further learn, understand, and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, deeply study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the “Two Establishes,” enhance the “Four Consciousnesses,” strengthen the “Four Confidences,” achieve the “Two Safeguards,” maintain a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in thought, politics, and action, remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind, forge ahead with determination and overcome difficulties, unswervingly follow the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, continuously create a new situation of comprehensive rule of law in the new era and new journey, and strive unitedly to build a modern socialist country on the track of rule of law.

Marxist legal theory

Marxist legal theory is a branch of legal philosophy based on the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, which views law as a superstructure determined by the economic base of a society. It posits that law primarily functions as a tool for the ruling class to maintain power and protect private property and capitalist economic relations. This theory was most prominently developed and implemented in the Soviet Union and other state socialist countries, where law was re-conceptualized to serve the goals of the proletariat and the construction of a communist society.

China’s excellent traditional legal culture

China’s excellent traditional legal culture is a profound intellectual and institutional heritage rooted in millennia of history, drawing from Confucian moral governance and Legalist administrative systems. It emphasizes the integration of ritual propriety (li) with legal statutes (fa), promoting values like social harmony, ethical rule, and the moral cultivation of both rulers and subjects. This tradition has significantly influenced East Asian legal systems and continues to inform modern China’s approach to rule of virtue and rule of law.

Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law

Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law is a key component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. It establishes the comprehensive advancement of law-based governance as a fundamental strategy for the country’s development. This thought guides China’s efforts to build a socialist rule of law system and modernize its governance capacity.

socialist rule of law theory with Chinese characteristics

“Socialist rule of law theory with Chinese characteristics” is a legal governance framework developed by the Communist Party of China. It integrates Marxist legal theory with China’s specific conditions and governance needs, emphasizing the Party’s leadership over the legal system. This concept was formally articulated under Xi Jinping’s leadership to guide China’s legal reforms while maintaining the socialist political system.

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

“Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era” is a political ideology that was established as a guiding principle for the Communist Party of China at its 19th National Congress in 2017. It outlines the theoretical and practical approaches for China’s development in the new era, building upon previous socialist theories. The thought is enshrined in China’s constitution and serves as a comprehensive framework for national rejuvenation and modernization.

Outline of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law (2025 Edition)

The “Outline of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law (2025 Edition)” is a comprehensive document that systematically elaborates on the core principles of China’s legal framework under President Xi Jinping’s guidance. It builds upon the 2020 version, further developing the theoretical and practical aspects of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. This updated edition serves as a crucial blueprint for advancing legal system development and governance modernization in contemporary China.

socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics

“Socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics” is a legal and governance framework in China that integrates socialist principles with Chinese cultural and political contexts. It emphasizes the leadership of the Communist Party of China while aiming to build a comprehensive legal system to support national development and social stability. The concept has evolved as part of China’s modernization efforts, reflecting a distinct approach to governance that prioritizes harmony and party guidance within the legal structure.

modern socialist country

A “modern socialist country” is not a specific place or cultural site but a political term describing a nation-state that adheres to socialist principles while integrating with the global economy and modern technology. Historically, this concept is often associated with countries like the People’s Republic of China, which was founded in 1949 and has since pursued a path of “Socialism with Chinese characteristics,” aiming to build a prosperous society. The core idea is to maintain a single-party state led by a communist party while promoting economic development and national rejuvenation.